Ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaf and stem of Ipomoea involucrata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by derangements in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisms, due to deficiency in insulin secretion and action. This research evaluates the ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of Ipomoea involucorata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and the animals were orally administered with gilanil (4 mg/kg) for positive control, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bw aqueous extract of leaves (groups 4-6) and stem (groups 7-9) of Ipomoea involucrata once daily for 21 days. Biochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods.Results: The median lethal dose was established at 648 mg/kg (leaves) and 547 mg/kg (stem). The negative group (untreated) showed significant increase in glucose concentration compared to the other groups. After 2 to 3 weeks there was significant (p<0.05) decrease in glucose concentration of the extract and glibenclamide (positive group) treated groups when compared with the negative group. Diabetes control rats showed significant (p<0.05) high serum lipid profile (except for high density lipoprotein), liver enzymes/ indices and renal indices when compared with non-diabetic control rats. However, these alternations were reversed with the positive group and the groups treated with aqueous extracts of both samples. The differences observed in the electrolytes were not significant in all groups.Conclusions: The results suggest that aqueous extract of leaves and stem of I. involucrata is considerably safe and a potential therapy for management of complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

Effects and mechanism of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in type 2 diabetic rats

OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially ideal for type 2 diabetes treatment, owing to their multidirectional differentiation ability and immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigated whether the stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could treat type 2 diabetic rats, and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS: SD rats were used to generate a type 2 diabetes model, which received stem cell therapy, HBO therapy, or both together. Before and after treatment, body weight, blood glucose, and serum insulin, blood lipid, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), and urinary proteins were measured and compared. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed and their organs were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining for insulin and glucagon; apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed in islet cells. Structural changes in islets were observed under an electron microscope. Expression levels of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 mRNAs in the pancreas were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: In comparison with diabetic mice, those treated with the combination or SHE therapy showed decreased blood glucose, insulin resistance, serum lipids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased body weight and serum insulin. The morphology and structure of pancreatic islets improved, as evident from an increase in insulin-positive cells and a decrease in glucagon-positive cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of islet cells revealed the decreased apoptosis index, while Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining showed increased proliferation index. Pancreatic expression of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 was upregulated. CONCLUSION: SHED combined with HBO therapy was effective for treating type 2 diabetic rats. The underlying mechanism may involve SHED-mediated increase in the proliferation and trans-differentiation of islet β-cells and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis of islets.

Electroacupuncture improves learning-memory ability in diabetic rats with cognitive impairment via inhabitating proinflammatory cytokine production through p38 MAPK and STAT3 pathway / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in hippocampus and frontal cortex of diabetic rats with cognitive impairment (CI), as well as the mechanism of EA in protection against CI in diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were divided into normal, model and EA groups (n=10 rats/group). The diabetic model was established by i.p.injection of Streptozotocin solution(25 mg/kg), followed by high-fat diet raising for 1 month, and the CI rats was confirmed by Morris water maze tasks. The rats in the EA group were given acupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST36) "Neiting" (ST44) and "Yishu" (EX-B3) 20 min/d, among which ST36 and ST44 were treated with EA. The treatment was conducted 6 times a week for 4 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) contents were assayed by glucometer before and after treatment. The rats' learning-memory ability was detected by Morris water maze tasks. The expression levels of IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、p38 MAPK、p-p38 MAPK、STAT3 and p-STAT3 in hippocampus and frontal cortex were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR, separately. The mean fluorescence intensity of p38 MAPK and STAT3 was observed by immunofluorescence histochemistry. RESULTS: After modeling, FBG and the escape latency of Morris water maze tasks were significantly increased in the model group compared with the normal group (P<0.001, P<0.01). Following EA treatment, the increased FBG and average escape latency were markedly reversed in the EA group relevant to the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the proteins and mRNAs expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.001), as well as the mean fluorescence intensity of p38 MAPK and STAT3 in hippocampus and frontal cortex (P<0.001). Following EA intervention, the proteins and mRNAs expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, STAT3 and p-STAT3, and the mean fluorescence intensity of p38 MAPK and STAT3 in hippocampus and frontal cortex were down-regulated(P<0.001, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: EA can inhibit the over production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in diabetic rats with CI, possibly by regulating the expression of p38 MAPK and STAT3 pathway.

Effect of Sorghum-tigernut Ibyer (A Traditional Gruel) on the Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Background: There is growing interest in the use of natural foods in the management of chronic diseases like diabetes. Ibyer is a fibre rich gruel consumed amongst the Tiv people of Benue State made from whole sorghum or millet flours. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sorghum-tigernut ibyer on the fasting blood glucose levels and body weight of alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Sorghum flour (SF) and tigernut flour (TNF) were blended at different proportions (100:00; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30) for the purpose of ibyer production. The flour samples were subjected to proximate analysis using standard analytical procedures, the sensory attributes of ibyer produced from the different flour samples was evaluated on a 9-point hedonic scale. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (100–180 g body weight) were grouped into five (1-5) each group containing six rats. They were induced with diabetes by injecting them with 150ml/kg of body weight with alloxan monohydrate dissolved in saline water (0.9% NaCl) except for group 1. Blood samples were collected from the tail of the rats, prior to induction, 48hrs after induction and 72 hrs after three days of continuous feeding with test diet. Fasting blood glucose was measured using a standard glucometer and test strips. Results: The sensory attributes indicated that ibyer produced from the flour samples were generally acceptable. Fasting blood glucose levels after 72 hrs of feeding were found to be lowered more in groups giving flours with a higher proportion of Tigernut. Conclusion: The results indicated that sorghum-tigernut ibyer exerted hypoglycaemic effect on the experimental animals.

Role of Prostaglandins in the Vasodilator Effect of the Aqueous Extract from Artemisia annua Plant in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Aims: One of the most important causes of mortality is vascular complications resulting from diabetes mellitus. Herbal medicines are commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions in diabetes. Artemisia annua (A. annua) as a medicinal plant has vasculature protective effects in diabetic rats. In the present study, the role of prostaglandins in the vasodilator effect of A. annua aqueous extract in diabetic rats has been studied. Study Design: This animal study was conducted on diabetic rats. Aqueous extract of Artemisia annua was used for diabetic rats. Then, isolated thoracic aortic rings were exposed to indomethacin and after exposure, the contractile responses were measured. Methodology: The studied animals were male Wistar rats (n=36) which were randomly divided into intact, untreated-diabetic, and A. annua aqueous extract treated-diabetic groups. For the induction of diabetes, streptozotocin was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered (60 mg/kg). A. annua extract-treated group received i.p. 100 mg/kg of extract for one month. After one month, the dose contractile response of isolated aortic rings to phenylephrine (doses of 10-9-10-4 mol/L) in the absence and presence of indomethacin as a prostaglandins inhibitor was determined using isolated tissue setup. Results: Comparison of contractile responses before and after adding indomethacin in treated extract diabetic rats, showed that contractile responses of aorta ring with and without endothelium after adding indomethacin significantly increased at all concentrations of phenylephrine (P<0.05–P<0.0001) while indomethacin in diabetic rats did not effect on contractile response. Conclusions: Since the vasodilator effect of the aqueous extract of A. annua with a concentration of 100 mg/kg of body weight was pronounced even after endothelium removal, it can be claimed that the vasodilator effects of the extract are related to inhibition of prostaglandin generation both indirectly and directly.

Effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on epidermal cells and angiogenesis in impaired diabetic wound rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To explore the repair mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 in treating the impaired diabetic wound from improving the vulnerability of diabetic skin of rats. Methods: Male SD rats (n = 32) were injected intraperitoneally streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia, except for the rats of control group (n = 8). Diabetic rats were randomly divided into model group (equal volume of saline), aminoguanidine group (10 mg · kg-1), ginsenoside Rg3 high dose (15 mg · kg-1) and low group (5 mg · kg-1). After four weeks of oral gavage treatment, full-thickness wound was established. On 21st day after injury, wound samples were collected to observe the pathological changes in wound; the thickness of epidermis and dermis was measured by HE staining; and the epidermal cell proliferation cycle was analysed by flow cytometry; the expression of CD31 in wound tissues was detected by immunohistochemical and image analytical methods. Results: Ginsenoside Rg3 groups showed significantly more fibroblasts, necrotic tissue drops and advanced epithelial, and thickening of epidermis and dermis (P < 0. 01). Model group showed significant increase in G0/G1 phase ratio of epidermal cell cycle (P <0. 01), while reduction in G2/M and S period ratios (P < 0. 01). However, G0/G1 period ratio decreased, while G2/M and S period ratios rose in aminoguanidine group, ginsenoside Rg3 high dose and low dose groups. The decrease of G0/G1 period ratio (P < 0. 05) and increase in G2/M (P <0. 05) and S period ratios (P <0. 01) was found to be significant. The expressions of CD31 in model group was lower than those in control group (P<0. 01). Whereas, it was higher in ginsenoside Rg3 high dose group and aminoguanidine group (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rg3 can effectively promote the repair and healing of impaired diabetic wound. The various mechanisms of repair might be through improving skin pathology, regulating epidermal cell proliferation cycle and promoting angiogenesis.

Effect of incRNA uc. 48 + on liver glycogen in type 2 diabetic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To observe the effect of uc.48 + small interference RNA (siRNA) on liver glycogen abnormality in type 2 diabetic rats and its possible mechanism. Methods: The diabetes model was established by feeding high glucose and high fat diet combined with streptozotocin(STZ). After the success of the model, the long noncoding RNA uc. 48 + siRNA was injected into the rat body via tail vein. The changes of blood glucose and the content of liver glycogen were detected dynamically, and the liver glycogen was detected one week after injection. Glucokinase (GK) mRNA and protein expression in liver tissues of each group were detected by qPCR and Western blot. Results: It was observed that postprandial blood glucose and fasting blood glucose decreased in diabetic model rats after treated with uc. 48 + siRNA compared with those in model rats. The level of liver glycogen in diabetic model rats was significantly lower than that in control group. The synthesis of liver glycogen in diabetic model rats with uc. 48 + siRNA treatment increased compared with that in diabetic model group. The expressions of GK mRNA and protein in the diabetic model group were significantly lower than those in control group. The expression of GK mRNA and protein markedly increased after uc. 48 + siRNA treatment. Conclusions: uc. 48 + siRNA reduces blood glucose and increases glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetic rats, and its mechanism may involve in increasing GK expression and Aktl phosphorylation.

Effect of tamsulosin on blood glucose levels in euglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic rats and its interaction with glibenclamide

Background: To evaluate the effect of tamsulosin on blood glucose levels in euglycaemic rats and to investigate the effect of glibenclamide, tamsulosin and their combination on alloxan induced diabetic rats.Methods: Albino male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups (2 euglycaemic and 4 alloxan induced diabetic rats groups). In Euglycaemic rats either normal saline (0.5ml P.O) or tamsulosin (0.072mg/kg P.O) were given and blood glucose levels was estimated at 0 hr, 30min, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr on day 1 and at 0hr and 1hr on day 3 and day 7. Four groups of diabetic rats were given normal saline (0.5ml P.O), glibenclamide (5mg/kg P.O), tamsulosin (0.072mg/kg P.O), combination of glibenclamide and tamsulosin respectively and blood glucose levels were estimated on day 1, 3 and 7. Repeated measures ANOVA or paired 憈 憈est were used for within group comparison and one way ANOVA or unpaired 憈� test were used for between group comparison.Results: In euglycaemic rats tamsulosin caused significant rise in blood glucose levels at 1 hr on all days and in diabetic rats tamsulosin itself did not cause any significant alteration in blood glucose levels. However, its combination with glibenclamide delayed the onset of hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide & also reduced its hypoglycemic effect.Conclusions: Tamsulosin significantly increase blood glucose level in euglycaemic rats and it interact with Glibenclamide to reduce its hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats.

Prolonged Effect of Niger Delta Honey on Blood Glucose and Haematological Parameters in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that develops when the body fails to produce enough insulin or when insulin fails to work properly, is a global health problem. This study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic effect of eight-week administration of Niger Delta honey on the blood glucose, haematological parameters, body weight and glycosylated haemoglobin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Six groups of 8 rats each were used. Group I served as control; Group II was given 10ml/kg/day of the honey solution;Group III served as diabetic control; Group IV diabetic rats received 10ml/kg/day of the honey solution. Group V diabetic rats were givena single daily dose of 0.6 mg/kg glibenclamide. Group VI were treated with both glibenclamideand honey concurrently.The present study showed that honey significantly (p<0.05) improved blood cells and indices, body weight but caused marked decrease in blood glucose levels as well asglycosylated haemoglobinin alloxan diabetic rats. Furthermore, honey caused a further reduction in blood glucose levels when used in combination with glibenclamide. In conclusion, the result of the present study suggests that honey might prevent alloxan-induced anaemia, immune-disturbances,thrombocytopenia, weight loss and hyperglycaemia. These effects are probably due to its additive mechanisms on the haematopoietic systems and on glucose metabolism. Therefore honey might be a cost-effective aspect of dietary management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Additionally, honey and glibenclamide combined may offer additional beneficial effects in alloxan –induced diabetes by synergic mechanisms on glucose metabolism and by further improvement in the vascular integrity

Decreased mRNA Expression of Cystathionine Gamma lyase and H2S Concentration in Gastric Mucosal Tissue in Diabetic Rats

ABSTRACT Background and aim: It is well established that the rate of gastric lesions increases in diabetic rats. Recently, the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gastric mucosa has been proven. This study aimed to determine the release of H2S and mRNA expression of cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) in gastric mucosa in alloxan-diabetic rats in response to distention-induced gastric acid secretion. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (6 in each). They were the normal-control, distention-control, diabetic-control, and distention-diabetic groups. Under anesthesia, animals underwent a tracheotomy and midline laparotomy. To washout the gastric contents, a catheter was inserted in the stomach through the duodenum. To determine the effect of distention-induced gastric acid secretion on H2S release and mRNA expression of CSE, the stomachs were distended by normal saline. At the end of experiments, animals were sacrificed and the gastric mucosa was collected to determine H2S concentration and to quantify mRNA expression of CSE by quantitative real-time PCR. Mucosal release of H2S and mRNA expression of CSE significantly increased in response to stimulated gastric acid secretion in normal rats (P<0.01), while the increases in diabetic rats were not significant. Basal release of H2S and mRNA expression of CSE in gastric mucosa were significantly in diabetic rats lower than normal rats. On the basis of the results, we conclude that the decreased release of H2S in response to basal and stimulated gastric acid output in alloxan-diabetic rats compared to normal rats is largely due to downregulation of mRNA expression of CSE.

The mechanism of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy of diabetic rats / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To explore the mechanism of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy of diabetic rats. Methods Rats with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)were induced by streptozotocin(60 mg/kg). Male SD rats were divided into normal control group(NC group),DPN group, DPN+saline group(DPN+S group), and DPN+ EPCs group. Sciatic nerve motor nerve conduction velocity(MNCV)was measured. The expressions of NF-κB and myelin basic protein(MBP)in sciatic nerve were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with DPN group,the expression of NF-κB was reduced in the sciatic nerve of DPN+EPCs group,while the expression of NF-κB was increased in the sciatic nerve of DPN+ S group. There was no statistical difference in the expression of MBP between DPN and DPN+ EPCs groups. Compared with DPN+S group, the expression of MBP was higher in DPN+EPCs group. Conclusion Transplantation of EPCs inhibits the expression of NF-κB and increases the expression of MBP, which might be conducive to the repairs of nerve injury.

Effect of petroleum ether extract of Eclipta prostrate on biochemical parameters and histopathology of kidney in STZ induced diabetic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of petroleum ether extract of Eclipta prostrata(PEEEP) on biochem-ical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin, total glycerides,total cholesterol,creatinine,urea nitrogen, uric acid levels and histopathology of kidney in STZ in-duced diabetic rats. Methods The model of type 2 diabetic rats was established by feeding with high ener-gy diet for 8 weeks and injecting streptozotocin(30 mg ·kg-1), after making the model successfully, the rats were randomly divided into model control group, metformin positive control group and experimental group, and gavaged with distilled water, metformin (400 mg·kg-1) and different dose of PEEEP (100, 200,400 mg·kg-1) for 4 weeks, respectively. The contents of blood glucose,insulin,total glycerides,to-tal cholesterol, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid were detected by corresponding kit, the pathological changes of kidney were observed by light microscopy, and the expression of TNF-α protein was detected by Western blot. Results Compared with model control group, PEEEP could reduce blood glucose, total glyc-erides, total cholesterol, creatinine, urea nitrogen, u-ric acid and increase the content of insulin in a dose-dependent manner (P <0.01 or P <0.05). It also could alleviate the pathological damage of kidney tis-sues and down-regulate the expression of TNF-α in kidney tissues. Conclusions PEEEP could effectively improve related biochemical parameters in streptozoto-cin induced diabetic rats, and it has protective effect on the kidney, providing the theoretical basis for fur-ther exploitation and utilization of Eclipta prostrata.

Retinal morphology and expression of Bcl-2, Bax and VEGF in early diabetic rats / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the expression and significance of B-cell lymphoma factor(Bcl-2), Bcl2-Associated X protein(BAX)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the retina of early diabetic rats. <p>METHODS: An early diabetic retinopathy model was made in rat by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg). The model rats were sacrificed at 4,8,12wk after the establishment of the model, and the eyeballs were removed to make paraffin section and retina sheets were prepared. HE staining was used to detected the retinal morphology and vascularity. Immunohistochemistry(IHC)was employed to examine the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and VEGF in the retina. ADP enzyme staining were conducted to evaluate the retinal vascular morphologic change. Nikon-A1 laser confocal microscopy was used to detect the morphology, fluorescence intensity and distribution of Ca²⁺ in retinal cells. <p>RESULTS: In the diabetic group, the number of endothelial cells in the inner limiting membrane increased 12wk later. In diabetes mellitus group, there was no vascular area in the middle and peripheral retina, and no vascular area was significantly more than that in the blank control group(<i>P</i><0.05). There were significant differences in the values of VEGF, Bcl-2 and Bax between diabetic rats and control group(<i>P</i><0.05). Compared with diabetic rats at 4, 8, 12wk, the fluorescence concentration of calcium ions in RGCs increased gradually, and the ratio of fluorescence staining intensity increased significantly(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were significantly increased, which upgraded the expression of VEGF in the retinas of early diabetic rats. Bcl-2, Bax and VEGF might play an important role in the neovascularization of the retinas in early diabetic rats.

Antioxidant Effects of Biochanin A in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

ABSTRACT Bioflavonoid-containing diets have been reported to be beneficial in diabetes. In the current study, the effect of Biochanin A (BCA) on blood glucose, antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats were investigated. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Two of them were selected as control; group1: control (receiving 0.5%DMSO), and group2: Control+BCA (receiving 10 mg/kg.bw BCA). Diabetes was induced in other rats with injection of (55 mg/kg.bw) streptozotocin; group3: diabetic control (receiving 0.5%DMSO), groups 4 and 5 were treated with 10 and 15 mg/kg.bw BCA respectively. After 6 weeks the following results were obtained. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased and body weight, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) significantly decreased in diabetic rats as compared to control rats. Oral administration of BCA in 10 and 15 mg/kg.bw, FBG, TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C were decreased significantly in all treated rats. MDA was decreased in all treated rats but it was significant just in 15 mg/kg.bw BCA. HDL, CAT, SOD, and TAS were significantly increased in treated group with 15 mg/kg.bw. The obtained results indicated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of BCA. Also BCA reduced oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

OPG and RANKL expression in alveolar bone of type 2 diabetic rats with periodontitis / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in type 2 diabetic rats with periodontitis.Methods:46 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the healthy group(n =10),the periodontitis group(n =12),the type 2 diabetes mellitus group(n =12) and the type 2 diabetic periodontitis group(n =12).Animal models were prepared respectively.The expression of OPG and RANKL protein in alveolar bone was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC).Results:Compared with the healthy group,the expression of OPG in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group,the periodontitis group,the type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis group decreased in turn,however the expression of RANKL increased in turn.The expression of OPG and RANKL had no significant difference between periodontitis group and type 2 diabetes periodontitis group,while there was statistically significant difference among the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Inflammation may lcad to upregulation of RANKL in osteoclasts and immune cells,and downregulation of OPG in osteoblasts.

Influence of Panax quinquefolium saponins on oxidative damage and function of vascular endothelium in diabetic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effect of Panax quinquefolium saponins (PQS ) on oxidative damage and function of vascular endothelium. Meth-ods After 3 days of adaptive feeding of Wistar male rats,56 rats were randomly selected as the control group,while others were induced by streptozotocin (STZ,30 mg·kg - 1 ). The diabetic rats were random-ly divided into three groups:the model group,PQS group(100 mg · kg - 1 )and Vitamin E group (100μmol·kg - 1 ). The normal group was injected with e-qual amount of citrate buffer. PQS and Vitamin E groups of diabetic rats were administered orally once a day. After 4,8,16 weeks of administration,the con-centration of blood glucose and LPO,SOD of serum, heart and kidney were measured,and the tension of the aortic vascular ring was determined. Results Compared with model group,with prolongation of med-ication,the concentration of glucose and the LPO of serum,heart and kidney in the PQS group significantly decreased(P < 0. 05,P < 0. 01),then the results of the aortic vascular ring tension showed that acetylcho-line induced vasodilatation and maximum diastolic per-cent were obviously elevated in PQS group(P < 0. 05, P < 0. 01). Conclusion PQS could elevate the an-tioxidant function in diabetic rats,thus improving the endothelium-dependent vasodilation function and inter-fering with the occurrence and development of diabetic vascular complications

Polysaccharide from Anemarrhena asphodeloides treats diabetic rats / 中成药

AIM To explore the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (PAA) on diabetic rats and potential mechanism of action.METHODS The rat model for diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg),and sixty rats were assigned to control-,model-,glibenclamide-(25 mg/kg) groups and three groups of PAA-(50,100,200 mg/kg).Drugs were intragastrically administrated to rats once a day for 28 days.The rat body weight,glucose tolerance,fasting blood glucose (FBG),fasting insulin (FINS),IL-6,TNF-α,CAT,SOD,MDA,insulin receptor substrate (IRS1),Phospho-IRS1 and glucose transporter protein 4 (Glut4) were tested.RESULTS PAA could increase rat body weight and FINS level,reduce FBG level,and improve the glucose tolerance.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum,and MDA content in hepatic tissue were decreased,and the activities of CAT and SOD in hepatic tissue were increased.Meanwhile,PAA could also reduce the Phospho-IRS1 expression,and increase the Glut4 expression in hepatic tissue.CONCLUSION PAA has an anti-diabetic effect,whose mechanism is involved in anti-inflammatory,antioxidation,decreasing Phospho-IRS1 expression,and increasing Glut4 expression.

Polysaccharide from Anemarrhena asphodeloides treats diabetic rats / 中成药

AIM To explore the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (PAA) on diabetic rats and potential mechanism of action.METHODS The rat model for diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg),and sixty rats were assigned to control-,model-,glibenclamide-(25 mg/kg) groups and three groups of PAA-(50,100,200 mg/kg).Drugs were intragastrically administrated to rats once a day for 28 days.The rat body weight,glucose tolerance,fasting blood glucose (FBG),fasting insulin (FINS),IL-6,TNF-α,CAT,SOD,MDA,insulin receptor substrate (IRS1),Phospho-IRS1 and glucose transporter protein 4 (Glut4) were tested.RESULTS PAA could increase rat body weight and FINS level,reduce FBG level,and improve the glucose tolerance.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum,and MDA content in hepatic tissue were decreased,and the activities of CAT and SOD in hepatic tissue were increased.Meanwhile,PAA could also reduce the Phospho-IRS1 expression,and increase the Glut4 expression in hepatic tissue.CONCLUSION PAA has an anti-diabetic effect,whose mechanism is involved in anti-inflammatory,antioxidation,decreasing Phospho-IRS1 expression,and increasing Glut4 expression.

Effect of Supplemented Buyang Huanwu Decoction on blood glucose in diabetic rats and its antioxidant activity / 中成药

AIM To investigate the effect of Supplemented Buyang Huanwu Decoction (Astragali Radix,Angelica tail,Paeoniae Radix rubra,etc.) on blood glucose in diabetic rats and its antioxidant activity.METHODS The diabetic rat model induced by streptozotocin (STZ) was established,with metformin as positive control group.After intragastric administration with Supplemented Buyang Huanwu Decoction,the fasting blood glucose,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum and tissues (heart,kidney and pancreas) in rats were detected.HPLC was used to determine the contents of antioxidant constituents (calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and peoniflorin) in plasma,whose pharmacokinetic parameters were then calculated.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the hypoglycemic activity in the Supplemented Buyang Huanwu Decoction group was obvious (P ＜ 0.05),the SOD activity in serum and various issues (except for pancreas) was significantly enhanced,together with significantly reduced MDA level (P ＜ 0.05).The pharmacokinetic behavior of two constituents (calycosin-7-O-3-D-glucoside and peoniflorin) accorded with two-compartment open model,whose blood concentrations reached the highest within 50-70 min,and showed no obvious changes within 180-720 min.CONCLUSION Supplemented Buyang Huanwu Decoction can reduce the blood glucose in diabetic rats and improve the antioxidant activities in heart and kidney.The fast absorption and slow metabolism of calycosin-7-O-3-D-glucoside and peoniflorin in decoction are beneficial to related treatment.

Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs of diacerein on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats / 医学研究生学报

Objective Recent studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines are involved in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus .The article aimed to investigate the effects of anti-inflammatory drug--diacerein on hepatic PPAR-γand GLUT-2 protein expression and its role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) . Methods 55 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control group (n=10), T2DM group (n=15), pioglitazone intervention group(n=15), and diacerein treatment group(n=15) .Rats in normal control group were fed with normal diet , the other 3 groups were fed with high fat diet .At the end of 8th experi-ment week, rats in 3 groups fed with high fat diet were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 30mg/kg streptozotocin ( STZ) solution, while rats in normal control group were injected with the same volume of sterile sodium citrate solution .At the end of 10th week, OGTT modeling rats were screened .Rats in pioglitazone intervention group were treated with 10 mg/kg pioglitazone by intragastric administra-tion, rats in diacerein group was treated with 50mg/kg diacerein by intragastric administration , and rats in normal control group and T2DM group were given the same volume of normal saline .The intervention lasted 4 weeks.At the end of 8th, 10th and 14th week, the blood examination of glycolipid , FINS, IL-1βand liver function indexes was done on fasting rats .Fourteenth weeks later , after getting blood samples , all rats were sacrificed and liver tissues were isolated .Western blot was applied in the detection of PPAR γand immu-nohistochemistry was applied to detect GLUT-2 protein in livers. Results At the end of 8th week, the FBG level in pioglitazone in-tervention group increased compared with normal control group ( P0 .05) show-ing higher levels compared with T 2DM group ( P<0.01).At 14th weekend, the GLUT-2 expression levels in normal control group (0.209±0.023), pioglitazone intervention group (0.226±0.017) and diacerein treatment group (0.232±0.012) were higher than that of T2DM group (0.173±0.009,P<0.01);and the GLUT-2 expression levels in pioglitazone intervention group and diacerein treatment group were higher than that of normal control group (P<0.05).The expression level of liver PPAR-γwas in positive correlation with those of GLUT-2 protein, HDL-C, FINS, ISI ( r=0.815, 0.780, 0.747, P<0.01) and in negative correlation with those of FBG , HbA1c, TC, TG, AST, ALT, IL-1β(r=-0.465,-5.716,-0.615,-0.675,-0.617,-0.521,-4.827, P<0.05). Conclusion Diacerein can enhance liver PPAR-γand GLUT-2 expression levels and reduce the levels of IL-1β, HbA1c and blood lipid, thus im-prove insulin resistance in T 2DM rats.